Characterizing the extracellular and intracellular fluorescent products of activated sludge in a sequencing batch reactor

Three-dimensional excitation-emission-matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectrometry was used to characterize the extracellular and intracellular substances of activated sludge in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) was applied to extract the pure spectra from the overlapped spectra. Three main components, proteins, fulvic- and humic-like substances, were identified from the extracellular substances. Their fluorescence peaks were at an excitation/emission (Ex/Em) of 280/350, 340/400 and 390/450 nm, respectively. The fluorescence of the extracellular proteins had a similar changing pattern with the wastewater chemical oxygen demand, the fulvic-like substance did not vary significantly in a cycle and the humic-like substances accumulated in the substrate uptake phase but decreased later. Proteins and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form (NADH), were identified as the two main intracellular fluorophores, and their fluorescence peaks (Ex/Em) were at 280/340 and 350/450 nm, respectively. The fluorescence intensity scores of the intracellular fluorophores were closely related to the bioreactor performance. Thus, the results of this work provide a foundation for potential utilization of the EEM fluorescence spectroscopy to monitor the activated sludge systems for wastewater treatment.     

流化床内干化污泥燃烧污染物排放特性研究

采用小型电加热流化床焚烧实验台, 对干化污泥燃烧的污染物排放特性进行了研究. 实验通过改变干化污泥中水的质量分数(7.3%, 28.4%和41.5%), 不同的炉膛温度, 石灰石的添加以及污泥和煤混烧等多种工况对污染物的排放特性进行了研究. 研究结果表明, 当污泥含水质量分数由41.5%降为7.3%, CO和N2O的排放质量浓度分别提高了一倍和四倍; 相反, 丙烷、己烷和苯胺等有机污染物的排放质量浓度明显下降, NOx的排放质量浓度降低了70%; 煤对污泥燃烧二恶英的排放有明显抑制作用, 并且二噁英的排放质量浓度和HCl的质量浓度有很明显的关联; 此外, 石灰石能促进NOx生成, 但抑制N2O生成, 而对二恶英的排放质量浓度几乎没有影响     

Influence of pH and ionic strength on Cu(II) biosorption by aerobic granular sludge and biosorption mechanism

BACKGROUND: To elucidate the process and mechanism of Cu(II) biosorption onto aerobic granules, the influence of pH and ionic strength (IS) on the Cu(II) biosorption capacity and biosorption mechanism was studied. RESULTS: The biosorption of Cu(II) onto aerobic granules under different conditions of pH (3, 4 and 5), IS (0, 0.1 and 0.5 mol L^?1) and Cu(II) concentration (25–250 mg L^?1) was investigated. The correlation coefficients of the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model were , while those of the Langmuir and Freundlich models were and respectively. The biosorption of Cu(II) increased with increasing pH, while the effect of IS on the biosorption was complicated, which could be explained by the competition among different metallic ions, colloidal chemistry theory or Derjaguin, Landau, verwey and Overbeek (DLVO) theory. About 70% of the solid phase Cu(II) was exchanged by Na(I), Ca(II) and Mg(II) released from the aerobic granules at pH 4 and 5. The results revealed that ion exchange is the most important biosorption mechanism but that other mechanisms also play a part. CONCLUSION: The sorption performance can be optimised by adjusting the pH and IS. Aerobic granules can be used as an alternative effective, economical and practical biosorbent for heavy metal removal. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Phosphorus removal in the activated sludge process

The results from this research suggest that both calcium phosphate precipitation and enhanced biological uptake play a role in phosphorus removal in the activated sludge process when a non-nitrifying, anaerobic-aerobic system is used to treat a low calcium wastewater. The primary removal mechanism was found to be biological uptake, as calcium phosphate precipitation accounted for only 15–27% of the total phosphorus removed. Calcium phosphate precipitation in the aerobic unit was enhanced because of the pH increase in that reactor. This was the result of low CO₂ production (indicated by low specific oxygen uptake values) and intense aeration which caused excessive CO₂ stripping in the aerobic unit     

Devolatilization of wood and wastes in fluidized bed

Experiments were carried out in a laboratory fluidized bed (FB) to characterize the devolatilization behavior of wood and various wastes at temperatures applicable to FB gasification and combustion, i.e. 750-900 °C. The fuels tested were pellets made of wood, meat and bone meal, and compost (from municipal solid wastes), as well as dried granulates of sewage sludge (DSS). Determination of yields of char, condensate and light gas, as well as the composition of the gas and the time of devolatilization during the pyrolysis of single fuel batches was made. A simple model was developed to analyze the mode of conversion of a single wood pellet and DSS granulate, giving insight on the controlling mechanisms during devolatilization. The devolatilization kinetics of DSS was determined by tests using fine granulates. The model was successfully applied to simulate the conversion of large DSS granulates and wood pellets under the whole range of temperatures analyzed.     

马钢高浓度OG泥喷浆工业性试验

本系统采用OG泥管道输送和高浓度喷浆（含固浓度35％～45％）至烧结的工艺。试验表明，该系统能实现OG泥全天候高浓度输送；马钢技术中心自主研制的动力喷洒头能满足烧结均匀喷洒的要求；在烧结混合料中喷洒OG泥既实现了固废资源的有效利用，又提高了烧结利用系数并降低了固体燃耗，社会效益及经济效益显著。     

活性污泥法污水处理数学模型的发展和应用

综述了活性污泥法污水处理数学模型自20世纪50年代以来的发展历程； 阐述了国际水协会（IWA）推出的活性污泥1号、2号、2D号、3号模型（ASM1、ASM2、ASM2D、ASM3）各自的特点和使用限制条件； 介绍了几种基于ASM系列模型的具有代表性的商业化仿真软件． 最后，还就ASM系列模型的三个应用难点——水质的分析测定、模型简化、参数校正进行了讨论．     

Fe-Si-O颗粒膜的霍尔效应研究

利用射频共溅射方法制备了一系列不同金属含量x的Fex(SiO2)(1-x)金属-绝缘体颗粒膜,系统地研究了薄膜的霍尔效应及其产生机理。在室温和1.3 T的磁场下,当体积分数为0.52时,霍尔电阻率有最大值为18.5 μΩ·cm。样品的电阻率温度曲线研究表明异常霍尔电阻率可能来源于3d局域电子-电子的散射作用。在300℃以内的不同温度下将Fe0.52(SiO2)0.48颗粒膜回火,饱和霍尔电阻率随温度的变化不大,样品具有良好的热稳定性,这表明Fe0.52(SiO2)0.48颗粒膜在300℃下的温度范围内有较好的应用前景。     

污泥样品中总氮、总磷的联合测定

环境样品总氮的测定常用过硫酸钾氧化一紫外分光光度法测定，而总磷一般为磷钼蓝分光光度法。由于二者测定时都存在将含氮、含磷化合物转化为硝酸盐和下磷酸盐的氧化过程，因此本研究考虑将污泥样品消解和样品的氧化过程同时进行，标准曲线也可以通过配制混合标准溶液来同时测定，这使得总氮、总磷测定流程得以简化。另外，本文还讨论了该联合测定方法相关的影响因素，如消解条件、酸度等。     

一体式中空纤维膜生物反应器处理印染废水的研究

采用规模为500L／d的一体式中空纤维膜生物反应器对常州某印染厂的印染废水处理进行了研究。该装置在现场连续运行了80d。实验结果表明：当进水COD为600～1200mg/L时，出水COD为52～97mg/L，COD去除率为90％。膜的截留作用占总去除率的10％。20％，NH3-N去除率为90％～95％，色度去除率为60％～75％。采用膜生物反应器（MBR）工艺处理印染废水技术可行、操作简单、易于管理，可为工业规模应用提供技术参考。